Our vitamin B12 is the methylcobalamin form; this is a more bioavailable form of B12, with added cofactors to maximize absorption.

Vitamin B12 is a member of the vitamin B complex. It also called cobalamin and is important to good health. There are two types of commercial vitamin B12: cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin. New Roots Herbal uses only the methyl form, as it is the coenzyme form and the only type which can directly participate in homocysteine metabolism. In addition, converting homocysteine to methionine via methylcobalamin generates an increased supply of S-⁠adenosylmethionine (SAMe), the body’s most important methyl donor. Indeed, some of the benefits of methylcobalamin, such as protection from neurotoxicity, appear to derive from increased production of SAMe. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells and red blood cells, and is also needed to make DNA, the genetic material in all cells. Vitamin B12 is bound to protein in food; hydrochloric acid in the stomach releases vitamin B12 from protein during digestion. Once released, vitamin B12 combines with a substance called intrinsic factor (IF) before it is absorbed into the bloodstream.

Bacteria synthesize vitamin B12 exclusively, and common sources are found primarily in meat, eggs, and dairy products. Vitamin B12 is necessary for the synthesis of red blood cells and the maintenance of the nervous system, and is very important for growth and development in children. Deficiency can cause anemia and the degeneration of nerve fibres. Irreversible neurological damage can also occur.

Vitamin B12 is also necessary for the rapid synthesis of DNA during cell division. This is especially important in tissues where cells are dividing rapidly, particularly bone marrow tissues responsible for red blood-cell formation. If a deficiency occurs, DNA production is disrupted and abnormal cells, called megaloblasts, are formed; this results in anemia. Symptoms include excessive tiredness, breathlessness, listlessness, pallor, and poor resistance to infection. Other symptoms can include a smooth, sore tongue and menstrual disorders. Anemia may also be due to folic acid deficiency, folic acid also being necessary for DNA synthesis.

An insulating fatty sheath, comprised of a complex protein called myelin, surrounds our nerves. Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in the metabolism of these fatty acids essential for the maintenance of myelin. Prolonged vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to nerve degeneration and irreversible neurological damage.

When deficiency occurs, it is more commonly linked to a failure to effectively absorb vitamin B12 from the intestine rather than a dietary deficiency. Absorption of vitamin B12 requires the secretion from the cells lining the stomach of a glycoprotein, known as intrinsic factor. The vitamin B12 intrinsic factor complex is then absorbed in the ileum (part of the small intestine) in the presence of calcium. Certain people are unable to produce intrinsic factor, and the subsequent pernicious anemia is treated with injections of vitamin B12.

Vitamin B12 can only be stored in small amounts by the body. Total body store is 2–5 mg in adults, around 80% of which is stored in the liver.

Vitamin B12 is excreted in the bile and is effectively reabsorbed; this is known as the enterohepatic circulation. The amount of vitamin B12 excreted in the bile can vary from 1 to 10 μg a day. Reabsorption is the reason it can take over 20 years for deficiency disease to develop in people changing to diets absent in vitamin B12. In comparison, if vitamin B12 deficiency is due to a failure in absorption, it can take three years for deficiency disease to occur.

DIRECTIONS OF USE

Adults: Take 1 capsule daily with food or as directed by your health-care practitioner.

Duration of use: Consult a health-care practitioner for prolonged use.

INGREDIENTS

Each vegetable capsule contains:
Red beet (Beta vulgaris) root	374 mg
Pau d’arco (Tabebuia heptaphylla) inner bark	50 mg
Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) root extract, 3% flavonoids	40 mg
Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)	1,000 mcg
Plant digestive enzymes
alpha-⁠Amylase	157.5 FCC DU
Bromelain (from pineapple [Ananas comosus var. comosus] stem)	9,600 FCC PU
Cellulase	16.8 FCC CU
Dipeptidyl-⁠peptidase IV	27.33 FCC HUT
alpha-⁠Galactosidase	0.2533 FCC GalU
Glucoamylase	0.666 FCC AGU
Hemicellulase	0.453 FCC HCU
Invertase	1.05 FCC INVU
Lactase	7.253 FCC ALU
Lipase	40 FCC LU
Maltase	1.73 FCC DP
Papain (from papaya [Carica papaya] fruit)	4,000 FCC PU
Pectinase	0.8 FCC endo-⁠PGU
Phytase	0.0333 FCC FTU
Fungal proteasee	552.5 FCC HUT
Acid protease	0.76 FCC SAP
Neutral protease	60 FCC HUT
Other ingredients: Vegetable magnesium stearate, silicon dioxide, and microcrystalline cellulose in a non-⁠GMO vegetable capsule composed of vegetable carbohydrate gum and purified water.

WARNINGS

Contains no: Eggs, citrus, preservatives, artificial flavour or colour, starch, or sugar.

Cautions and warnings: Consult a health-care practitioner prior to use if you have diabetes or galactosemia; if you have allergy to latex or fruits (such as avocado, banana, chestnut, passion fruit, fig, melon, mango, kiwi, pineapple, peach, and tomato); if you have gastrointestinal lesions/ulcers; if you are taking anti-inflammatory agents or other enzyme products; or if you are having surgery. Discontinue use and consult a health-care practitioner if symptoms persist or worsen. Discontinue use if you develop symptoms of liver trouble (such as abdominal pain, dark urine, or jaundice). Do not use if you have liver or gall bladder disorders, bowel obstruction, or if you are taking anticoagulants or blood thinners.

Contraindications: Do not use if you are pregnant or breast-feeding; or after recent surgery.

Known adverse reactions: Headaches, heartburn, bloating, hypersensitivity (e.g. allergy), nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have been known to occur; in which case, discontinue use. May cause bloating, cramping, and constipation.

Do not use if seal is broken. Keep out of reach of children.